For example, there is an optimal stress relaxation time intrinsic to the soft substrate to maximize cell spreading, whereas stress relaxation time does not affect cell spreading on stiff substrates. The viscous element of the tissue also can also contribute to cell behaviors. Recent evidences showed that viscous dissipation, or known as stress relaxation in the tissues may be involved in modulating proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression. But the measurement approaches described above can be used to extract stiffness value in different models wherever an elastic element is included. The viscoelastic model examines the time-dependent response of the biomaterials. Both viscoelastic and poroelastic models adopt dual characteristics of solids and fluids. Based on experimental observations, theoretical models depicting elastic, hyperelastic, viscoelastic, and poroelastic behaviors have been established. However, there are a handful of examples where elastic behaviors are dominant. As a result, cells and tissues usually exhibit dual characteristics belonging to both solids and liquids, and cannot be considered purely elastic or purely viscous most of the time. It should be noted that cells and tissues are a mixture of solid substances, consisting of insoluble biomolecules, and liquid, consisting of water and soluble biomolecules. The advances in these techniques have allowed dynamic measurement with high spatial resolution in vitro and in vivo. For local curvature measurement, image modalities such as computational tomography and optical microscopy have been used to acquire images of a region of interests, followed by the image analysis to determine the local curvature value at the desirable length scale. ECM architecture can be surveyed using several imaging modalities, including histological visualization, internal reflectance microscopy, and second harmonic generation. For viscosity measurement, rheometers/viscometers, optical traps and magnetic tweezers are commonly used. For stiffness measurement, methods implementing atomic force microscopy, magnetic tweezers, microfluidics, indentation, and magnetic resonance electrography, are commonly used depending on the length scale of the measurement. ![]() ![]() To study the relation between alterations in stiffness, viscosity, ECM architecture, and curvature, many techniques have been developed to measure those physical parameters of the micro-environment. Fibrosis results in elevated stiffness and altered ECM architecture. For example, during cancer development, increased stiffness, elevated extracellular fluid (ECF) viscosity, altered architecture of fibrillar ECM proteins in stroma and changed curvature are often observed in the micro-environment of solid tumors. During progression of many diseases, micro-environment of affected tissues is altered biochemically and biophysically, leading to changes of values in stiffness, viscosity, curvature, and ECM architecture. The ECM architecture can be characterized by parameters including density, pore size, and orientation of the ECM proteins. ![]() The most biologically relevant parameters of geometry at the molecular, cellular, and tissue scales are curvature and organization of constituent extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Viscosity defines the resistance experienced by an object when moving in an aqueous environment. Stiffness determines how deformable the substrate is where cells reside. The cues include, but not limited to, stiffness, viscosity, and geometry. In other words, mechanosignaling is an integral part of homeostasis, to maintain normal function of cells, and to govern cell fate.Ĭells sense mechanical cues and stimuli from their surrounding micro-environment. However, a vast body of studies in the past two decades laid the foundation of modern mechanobiology, the essence of which is the notion that not restricted to the aforementioned specialized cells, every cell type is equipped with the capacity to sense the mechanical cues and/or stimuli, and to interact with the micro-environment by generating mechanical forces. ![]() It had been widely known for a long time that specialized cells, such as sensory neurons of touch and hair cells in the ear can sense and respond to mechanical inputs from the environment and that another set of specialized cells, such as skeletal muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and smooth muscle cells, are capable of generating mechanical forces.
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Vincent and a Naga pepper from Pakistan to create Smokin Ed’s Carolina Reaper - “a tidal wave of scorching fire,” as the PuckerButt website puts it. He said he tested hundreds of hybrid combinations before finally crossing a “really nastily hot” La Soufriere pepper from the Caribbean island of St. It took 12 years of crossbreeding for Currie to reach the pinnacle of the pepper world. Some products are made from the Reaper, whose off-label uses include “settling old scores,” Currie said. The 8-year-old company sells salsa, hot sauce, chile seeds as well as chile jellies, chocolates, peanut brittle and brownies to customers worldwide.Īmong the more popular sauces: Edible Lava, Ben’s Smokin’ Hot Razz Booty, I Dare You Stupit. Two years ago, he opened a storefront location on Main Street in downtown Fort Mill.Ī year before his pepper set the record, Currie quit his bank job to concentrate full time on PuckerButt, named after his wife’s description of the effects of eating his salsa. She later persuaded him to sell his salsas rather than give them away to a growing number of friends and neighbors.Ĭurrie opened a small booth at a flea market. That helped Currie woo and wed his wife, who loves salsa. At home, he made salsas and hot sauces from peppers he grew in his yard. ![]() In 2001, he moved to South Carolina and began working as a bank trust officer. “I wanted to keep on partying.”Ĭurrie has been clean and sober for nearly 16 years after completing a substance abuse recovery program in Michigan, he said. “I wanted to find out how not to die,” he said. He began crossbreeding peppers after reading scientific papers suggesting that their chemical compounds might reduce the risk of heart attacks and cancer, two diseases that run in his family, Currie said. “All you do is follow the scientific method.” ![]() “Anybody can do it,” he said of crossbreeding plants. While boozing and drugging his way through several colleges, he said, he parlayed his self-taught crossbreeding skills into producing potent marijuana plants. “My interest in chemistry years ago was drug-related, but it led me to peppers,” he said. ![]() He resembles the rumpled character actor Paul Giamatti and could probably play a mad scientist in a movie. He read library books about plants and pored over horticulture magazines ordered by his mother, a master gardener.Ĭurrie, stocky and bearded, is a frenetic talker. Currie, 51, has been fascinated with crossbreeding plants since he was a boy in Michigan.
* Click “Reset” in the confirmation window. * Right-click the blank space in the Printers list, and then click “Reset printing system”. * Click “Printers and Scanner” / “Print and Scan” or “Print and Fax”. * Click the Apple menu icon, and then click “System Preferences”. This issue can be fixed by updating your Mac and then resetting the printing system. I came across your message about the printing issue with your HP printer and wanted to pop in to help. For more information on your printer specification click here. Good you're right this printer does support the Automatic duplexing. ![]() That'll help us and others see that we've got the answers! Give us some reinforcement by clicking the solution and kudos buttons, If the information I've provided was helpful, In the software program, click File, and then click Print.Ĭhange any other desired print settings, and then click Print.When the first side has finished printing, remove the stack of paper from the output tray.įor portrait orientation, keep the print side up, turn the stack of paper 180 degrees so the top of the page is at the bottom, and then reinsert the stack of paper into the input tray.įor landscape orientation, reinsert the stack into the input tray without turning it. In the software program, click File, and then click Print.įrom the menu, select Paper Handling, and then remove the check mark from Collate Pages, if selected.Ĭhange any other desired print settings, including the option for borderless printing, and then click Print. Make sure that you are using the correct paper type and weight (not lighter than 60 g/m2 (16 lb) or heavier than 105 g/m2 (28 lb) bond see the Duplexing guidelines. Here're the first set of troubleshooting steps (probably the last one)as this should resolve the issue ![]() Business PCs, Workstations and Point of Sale Systems.Printer Wireless, Networking & Internet.DesignJet, Large Format Printers & Digital Press.Printing Errors or Lights & Stuck Print Jobs.Notebook Hardware and Upgrade Questions. ![]() All of this reduces DHT, which is a hormone implicated in hair loss. Included are Zinc, Copper, Silica and Iron, along with proteins. All three of these products work together, and include powerful but natural elements to stimulate new hair growth for thinning hair. Surface Awaken Therapeutic Treatment is an additional product for use with the Awaken Shampoo and Conditioner. It seals color, revitalizes and has anti-aging properties. Because it features the healthiest natural ingredients nature can offer, this awakening conditioner is perfect for everyday use. Serface Awaken Therapeutic Conditioner is the answer to some of the most annoying hair and scalp challenges, including hair that is thinning, and also for psoriasis, dandruff, and itchy scalp. For starters, Surface Awaken products includes Babassu, Palm and Coconut Oil Cayenne Pepper, Mint Oil, and Peppermint Oil to stimulate circulation minerals for anti-aging and rejuvenation, including Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Iron and Silica an Awaken Amino Acid Complex to promote protein building and the Trinity Protein Complex featuring Amaranth, Keravis and Soy. What sets this groundbreaking line of hair care products for home and salon use is an array of organically, sustainably harvested botanicals. Like all Surface products, the Surface Awaken line features Ceramide III, the Color Vita complex, and vitamins A, C, and E. Their slogan “Health Hair Art” says it all, and nobody has a healthier, more innovative approach to hair care than Surface. With an array of products featuring organic, sustainably harvested botanicals and vegan proteins, Surface Hair Care is getting notice in all the leading fashion magazines for changing the way people think about hair care products. ![]() One company stands out above the others in pioneering cutting-edge salon styles. ![]()
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